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GPS Basics. Part 1

This article is the first of series of three articles in which I’ll explain some basic principles and concepts of GPS. I in this article I’ll explain how exactly GPS works so it won’t be a mystery anymore. I’ll also mention some recent enhancements to the GPS system. In the second article I’ll explain about some of the GPS core technologies, so when you hear the magic words “Sirf III” you’ll know what people are talking about. And finally, in the third paragraph I’ll make a short review of the leading GPS manufacturers on the market today.

First of all GPS stands for Global Positioning System and usually refers to the GPS receiver. The receiver basically receives the signals incoming from constellation of 27 satellites which are orbiting the Earth (actually there are only 24 satellites that are operational and 3 additional for backup in case one of the 24 fails) and from those signals can calculate it’s absolute position on Earth. This satellite system was developed by the U.S. military and after a while U.S. government opened it up for public. Those satellites are circling the Earth making two complete rotations every day. Their orbits are planned the way that at any time and anywhere on Earth there are at least four satellites “visible” in the sky. A GPS receiver locates four or more satellites from the signals those satellites send constantly towards the Earth, calculates the distance to each of the satellites and from this information calculates its’ absolute location on Earth. This process of pinpointing the location of the GPS receiver is based on mathematical principle called trilateration.

Let me explain a little about this principle regarding the GPS. It is a little tricky so if you don’t want to bother yourself with details – just skip this chapter. Like I said, GPS receiver locates the satellites and calculates the distance to them. Lets say for example receiver knows that Satellite_1 is located 20 miles from it. In the whole space Satellite_1 can be anywhere on a huge Sphere with radius of 20 miles around the receiver. If receiver also knows that Satellite_2 is located 30 miles from it, it can overlap the sphere of satellite_1 with the sphere of satellite_2. The spheres intersect in a perfect circle (think in 3 dimensions). The distance to the third satellites gives us a third sphere which intersects with the circle in two points. One of those points is located in space and the other located on Earth. This second point is actually the location of the GPS receiver. Using the Earth as fourth sphere, receiver is able to choose that second point and this way it knows its’ exact location on earth.

Basically GPS receiver needs to locate only three satellites but it always tries to locate as many satellites as possible because it improves the accuracy of the result.

The signals that satellites are constantly transmitting are high-frequency, low power radio waves which contain information about the satellite and its’ location. GPS receiver can calculate the distance to the satellite by counting the time it takes to the signal to get from the satellite to the receiver.

The whole process described above works well but it has inaccuracies due to several reasons like signal interference,weather and more. Differential GPS (DGPS) helps correct those inaccuracies. This enhancement is base on stations located on Earth. The hardware at those stations knows exactly the location of the station and constantly sends information to GPS receivers (but only to those in which this technology is implemented) how to correct their results so the will be more accurate.

Once the GPS receiver made the calculation, it can tell the latitude, the longitude and the altitude of its’ current position. This doesn’t tell much to the average user. So in order to make the use of the GPS receiver more user-friendly many receivers send this data to a program which displays a map and can show the position on it.

Well that’s it for this article and check for updates, because like I said at the top of this article there are two more articles on the way!

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Cycling In the Cold Weather

Well the cold weather is upon us again (for those of us in North) and it is time to get layered. For those of us who want to persist that is the best way to stay warm on the bike. Where I cycle in Calgary, Canada it gets quite cold in mornings and then can warm up considerably during the day during this time of year. You can have up to 40F differential; this can present a challenge for staying warm and comfortable.

The key is to find clothing that is breathable yet breaks the cold wind in the morning. For my legs I have tried cheap lined nylon pants with my riding shorts underneath. This didn’t work out to well with my legs being soaked in sweat by the end of my ride. That is not a good thing when it is below freezing, you need to find something that will wick the moisture away. It is worth the money to get something better. I went to the Web to find what I was looking for and I found great deal on some fleece cycle tights. Well that solved the leg issue they were great they cut wind and kept the moisture away. The lower half was doing great now! Two points to remember, one, you should have enough room for your cycling pants underneath the fleece tights. This brings me to the second point it is better to have these over your cycling pants because during the evening when it is warmer you will want to remove these to ensure you don’t get overheated heading home. In temperatures below 20F (-7C) you may want to add some nylon shell pants to cut the wind more.

The upper body poses a problem since it catches most of the wind but is not moving much. What you need here is a full-featured wind and water resistant shell with ventilated pit zips and a breathable fabric so you can get the most protection and ventilation. A shell with pit zips is great because it easily give you more ventilation if you start to over heat. This type of jacket is also great for locations that get more rain this time of year opening up the pit zips allows that extra ventilation you needs without getting to wet! With a good shell I found I only needed two more layers what these two layers are depends on how cold your ride is. I find that down to about 25F (-4C) that a good turtle neck and the shell are enough as long as wind isn’t blowing too hard, if it is blowing you can add a t-shirt under this if you want. When it starts getting colder than this remove the t-shirt, keep the turtleneck and wear a fleece jacket under this, make sure your protective shell has room for this layering process.

The extremities are a real challenge, starting with the hands. At temperatures down to 25F (-4C) a pair of lined leather gloves is sufficient. At temperature below 25F (-4C) mitts are the best, there is nothing like the having your fingers together to keep them warm. The challenge is the thumb, I occasionally have to pull my thumb out and join it with the rest of the fingers for while to warm it up. Those mitt/glove combinations where the mitt flips over the open finger end might do the trick also but I do not use these. Be careful not to get a mitt with to much bulk you still need dexterity for shifting and braking. Another good choice would be those three finger mitts they would still keep some fingers together for warmth and offer you some good dexterity.

Next is the head, this is the toughest. The main reason for the difficulty is that you still need to wear you helmet and keep those ears from freezing. Anybody who commutes without a helmet should have his head examined (and may have to some day) particularly when things start freezing, ice can form anywhere, so be safe. What you need for this is a quickly adjustable helmet, one that has a ratchet type adjustment at back to allow for the layer you will need under it when it is cold and can be made smaller for your ride home when it may warmer. You can find a great selection of cycling helmets on the Web. The best system is to have two types of balaclavas. One should be a thinner polypropylene type with an open face style that will still cover you chin. This one is good for temperature down to 25F (-4C). When the temperature starts sinking below 25F (-4C) a fleece balaclava with coverage for your nose should be used. What is difficult for those of us who where glasses is fogging up when wearing the balaclava. I try keeping my glasses further down my nose to allow for more air circulation, this doesn’t completely eliminate it but it helps.

Kevin Redmond is a senior design supervisor with a major engineering company in Canada. He commutes to work as much as the weather will allow. He also runs a great consumers website at http://www.avoidconfusion.com check it out and find great deals on bicycles, accesories and everything else from A to Z.

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14 Tips for Crate Training Your New Puppy

Your new puppy is arriving and you have heard of crate-training, but are not sure how to make it work for you and your newest addition. From years of experience as a pet-owner, lover and specialist, I have learned some things about crate training that I’d like to share with you.

Crate training is wonderful part of an overall family training program if handled correctly. Your puppy will feel secure in his space if you make it a pleasurable experience from the very beginning by following these 14 tips.

1.Get a crate large enough to allow your pup space to turn around, stand up and lie down for a nap.
2.Put a soft blanket in the crate, preferably with his mother’s scent on it when you bring him home.
3.Make sure to put his toys for chewing and a treat or two in the space furthest from the ‘door.’
4.Put the crate in a corner of room where he can feel out of the way, yet have access to you.
5.Let your pup wander in and out of the crate to get a feel for it, the crate makes a nice ‘den’ for your puppy and he will likely take to it for comfort and solace when he is tired, over-excited or worried.
6.Remove your pet’s collar/s before closing the crate to avoid any choking;
7.Have a bottle of water with ice hooked to the crate if you will leave your puppy for more than an hour;
8.When it’s time to be crated, tell your puppy “Crate” or “Bed” and show him to the crate. You may put a treat in there if you have been training him with treats.
9.Don’t ever: scare him into the crate, put him in there as a punishment or otherwise encourage a negative connotation to the crate.
10.Practice this several times a day during his first few weeks home. Leaving him in the crate for short intervals while you leave the house. He will soon realize that you come back and let him out.
11.If your dog needs something to chew, make sure you give him a toy that he cannot shred, break or otherwise harm himself with. If he is an aggressive chewer, I recommend the Galileo Bone by Nylabone.
12.When you let your puppy out of the crate, immediately take him outside to relieve himself. For very young puppies, this will likely be every 4 hours. (on average a puppy needs a break in as many hours as he is months old – if your puppy is 4 months, please give him a potty break every four hours)
13.When you are leaving, or putting him in the crate, give him his command, “Crate,” praise him gently when he complies (but do not get effusive – you don’t want him to get all riled up!) and then leave without a commotion.
14.Upon returning, open the crate and let your puppy come out at his own pace. Don’t make a big fuss, simply praise him gently, put on his collar and leash and take him outside.

Crate training is a valuable asset to any training program for new puppies and can help enhance your relationship with your canine pal. A happy and comfortable puppy will mature into a well-mannered and loving companion.

About the Author

Pet-Care Expert, Peggie Arvidson-Dailey, is the author of “How to Maintain Your Love Affair With Your Pet” and the founder of Peggie’s Pet Services. To learn more about maintaining YOUR love affair with your pet sign up for FREE how-to articles and FREE teleclasses, visit http://www.peggiespets.com

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A Beginners Guide To Selecting The Most Suitable Electric Blankets

Electric blankets come in a mixture of basic colours, and on the whole most are created out of fleece or any other type of soft materials. Even when the heating operation is turned low, these electric blankets will still keep you comfy. You can either choose an electric blanket for its specific options or select an item that matches the décor in your bungalow.

Getting an electric blanket is a terrific substitute to just keeping the heating unit in your house turned up. You will save money on your energy bills. Moreover, operating the boiler a lot during November, December and January can dry out the air in your flat. This can be very dangerous for your skin. With an electric blanket on the other hand you can turn down the furnace at night. You will not have to sacrifice warmth either, because these blankets will help keep you nicely warm.

Electric blankets can be bought in a number of sizes. If both you or your partner are somewhat cold during the night why not consider buying a double, queen, or king sized blanket. Nonetheless, in a significant number of cases, one person may prefer to have the bedroom colder than the other. Instead of squabbling over your bungalows night-time temperature, get your hands on a small, twin sized electric blanket. The person who prefers to be warmer at night can get under it at night. This way, both of you can be comfortable.

In the past, electric blankets had to have lots of care. For instance, you could not put them in the wash like a regular blanket and you also had to make sure they didn’t overheat. Fortunately, these blankets have come a long way. Countless blankets can be put in a washing machine. They also contain special internal sensors that prevent overheating. If your blanket becomes too hot, this monitor will cause it to turn off so that there is no risk of a fire beginning.

Even though electric blankets made today are very safe; you should still take the necessary safety measures. If you want to fall asleep without having to worry about turning off the blanket, then look for a model that has an automatic shut off or timer function. That way, you can set it and simply relax, knowing that it will shut off once you go to bed. If children will be using your blanket, it is vital that you supervise them. Mainly for the reason that children have somewhat more sensitive skin meaning that a warm temperature for an adult can quite easily burn a kid’s skin. If you follow some simply steps to ensure that you are safe; an electric blanket can be a good way to stay warm during November. Search online for an array of electrical products such as; electric blankets, microwaves and food processors from leading brands.

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Selecting the Correct Life Insurance Policy for Your Situation

A modern day study explained that less than Fifty percent of English adults own life assurance. So when is the apt time to look into life cover?

The direct reply is the sooner the more useful. It protects a family financially in the unlikely event of the inconvenient dying of adults and means funds may be made accessible for relatives. Although life insurance is not purely about safeguarding your family’s financial safety, those who don’t have dependents may prefer to take out life cover to try to make sure that their husband or wife is taken care of in terms of finances in the occurrence of their passing.

There are four main life moments which typically trigger people to secure life cover? The 1st is buying a new house.

Purchasing an improved house is a eminently stressful time, especially when it’s your first mark on the profitable properties ladder. Consequently this might well be an excellent – and assuring – time to find life cover, that will probably be used to pay off the home loan should something occur to you or your loved one.

The 2nd trigger incident which sanctions buying life assurance is cementing a partnership through matrimony or feasibly a civil partnership. If you have just sworn your everlasting passion to someone, it goes without saying that you’d want to try to make sure they’ll be financially protected in the incident that the worst occurs to yourself.

Having a kid to care for results in an altogether unknown element of importance to your existence, and accordingly this event can be the third main motivator for those acquiring life cover. Confirming that there is a financial cushion in place to foster the offspring is often of the absolute concern to any new mother or father. Do you require a term life insurance policy? Click here for a good starting point.

Sometimes after a divorce you come to fully appreciate his or her financial worth and the need to keep their partners financially cared for more than ever before. Also if divorce leads to the elimination of a joint life insurance policy the folk involved will need to arrange new insurance separately.

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2006 Trends in Space Debris Collection

In 2005 we saw a huge number of new satellites being put into space around our planet for many purposes. We saw the launch of several very high profile GeoSats or Earth monitoring Satellites. In 2005 we watch the Chinese, Japanese, French, British, Australians, Swedes, Germans, Russians, Brazilians, Canadians launch communication satellites for all sorts of commercial endeavors.

We saw some spy satellites launched from militaries around the world, ours includes, some so secret we did not hear of them at all, but they are up there, indeed they are watching. Large Corporations in the United States also launched many communication satellites for credit card procession, intercommunication, communication contract reselling and multi-national conglomerate correspondence.

With all these new satellites and all the old junk still up there, we are seeing more and more strikes from a loose bolt here and a piece of metal there, all moving at 17,500 mph plus around our planet. Space Debris is becoming a bigger and bigger issue and each strike threatens to take a multi-million or billion dollar piece of hardware.

In 2006 we will see new innovations and an international program to develop robotic satellite system space debris collectors to solve these problems. Think on this in 2006.

“Lance Winslow” – Online Think Tank forum board. If you have innovative thoughts and unique perspectives, come think with Lance; http://www.WorldThinkTank.net/wttbbs/

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Top 7 Don’ts for Successful Improvisation

1. Don’t try and make something happen. Trying blocks the creative flow and will result in blocks.

2. Don’t expect to create something good. Expectations will always come with judgements and, consequently, you’ll end up feeling let down.

3. Don’t worry about what is “coming out.” Improvisation is about play and freedom to explore. Abandon unrealistic expectations and experience the joy of improvisation.

4. Don’t try and please others. The first person you must please is yourself. This may seem obvious but don’t underestimate the strong need to please – ESPECIALLY WHEN IT COMES TO THE ARTS!

5. Don’t try and accumulate a “lot of knowledge.” All it takes to improvise is a few chords and the proper attitude.

6. Don’t think. Improvisation is about FEELING. It’s about being in the moment and experiencing the moment through the music. Thinking will take you away from your intuition, which will guide you if you listen to it. Intuition will lead you places thinking never could!

7. Don’t quit. Practice is what makes intuition stronger. The more you practice or play, the stronger your intuition will grow and the more you will trust it. Your unique voice will emerge and will grow stronger each time you sit down to play.

Edward Weiss is a pianist/composer and webmaster of Quiescence Music’s online piano lessons. He has been helping students learn how to play piano in the New Age style for over 14 years and works with students in private, in groups, and now over the internet. Stop by now at http://www.quiescencemusic.com/piano_lessons.html for a FREE piano lesson!

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Options In Effective Intrusion Detection

If you think of intrusion detection as you would for intrusions into your home, you will find that once someone ‘breaks in’ they have destroyed much of your hard work, both physically and emotionally. They have done damage and invaded your space. Effectively detecting whether or not these ‘break ins’ are happening is very important for your business. Effective intrusion detection can protect confidentiality, integrity and availability resources.

You have two choices here. You can go with manual intrusion detection or automated. In manual, you will need to perform searches to exam log files or look for other signs that someone has gotten in. But, with automated intrusion detection, the system will take care of the work for you allowing for a more complete exam as well as one that can be counted on and done on a timely basis. They can be host based or network based. Automated systems are generally called IDS’s.

When something is found by the IDS, it will alert you that a possible intrusion has occurred. This can be done through sending an email alert, by logging relevant information or even by contacting via mobile phone or pager. It will be up to you to determine what has happened and how it happened though. Usually, intrusion detection does not prevent intrusion, nor does it fix any problems that arise due to it. But, effective intrusion detection is still necessary and relying on an automated system will make sure you are up to date as needed.

There are also many information portals now devoted to the subject and we recommend reading about it at one of these. Try googling for “intrusion detection” and you will be surprised by the abundance of information on the subject. Alternatively you may try looking on Yahoo, MSN or even a decent directory site, all are good sources of this information.

for more information please see www.intrusion-detection-shack.co.uk

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Bush’s Mental Health Program Endangers Children and Will Ban

The story in the news is that Bush is endorsing a mental health program that will target children in schools for mental health screenings. The commission claims that even though child mental health prescriptions have increased 500% from 1999-2003, they aren’t getting enough “treatment”. The screenings will be mandatory and prescription drug treatment will be too. That’s not all this program does though, under the new plan doctors can only prescribe the most dangerous and expensive drugs on the market. The new plan is ironically named “New Freedom commission”(NFC).

TMAP- Bankrupting Medicaid Before the Baby Boomers Even Use It

Bush endorsed and implemented TMAP in Texas and of the 22 members in the New Freedom Commission, 14 are directly associated with that organization. The New Freedom Act is a fraud. It is modeled after The Texas Medication Algorithm Project (TMAP). An algorithm is like a menu at a restaurant with drugs as the choices, if its not on the menu the doctor cannot order the prescription. TMAP takes advantage of foster children, institutionalized people, veterans and prisoners to further drug company profits as well as robbing the American tax-payers. It forces state and Medicaid doctors to prescribe super-expensive, dangerous new medications to mental health patients.

TMAP has even persuaded officials into giving Medicaid to people who don’t need it so they can afford the overpriced medications and by early 2001 the program bankrupted Texas’s Medicaid system. At the rate TMAP guidelines explode Medicaid expenses we will be paying an outlandish 3.7 billion a year for schizophrenia medications alone, effectively bankrupting Medicaid nationwide.

Here’s an example of a Drug that doctors will be required to prescribe:

Zyprexa
This is a new Medication for bi-polar disorder and it costs $6,000 more per patient than older, safer drugs like Haldal according to Yale researchers, Veterans Medical Hospital researchers and FDA trials. FDA Data also shows Zyprexa to be one of he deadliest drugs ever approved, yet our war veterans and children will be forced to use it while the rest of us pay for it. FDA trials for Zyprexa show that 65% of patients dropped out of the trial due to side effects and during the 6-week trial 20 deaths occurred, 12 of them suicides. The FDA approved Zyprexa ONLY for short-term treatment of bi-polar individuals.

TMAP mandates that Zyprexa be used for many different disorders for long term use.
Hurting our children

TMAP developed a special children’s algorithm (drug menu) called The Texas Children’s Medication Algorithm Project or TCMAP. The same group of bribed experts decided that the same drugs would be used for children as adults; no facts were needed because the recommendations were made based on what the drug companies told them to recommend.

Drugs TCMAP forces doctors to prescribe to children:
(All are brand name)

Zoloft, which is expensive, has a 17% dropout rate in child clinical trials due to intolerable side effects and only has a 10% improvement rate on children with depression and mood disorders. The FDA specifically states that this drug should not be used by persons under the age of 18.
Seroxat, which is expensive and has been shown to increase suicide attempts in minors.
Paxil. This drug is not only expensive but has been directly shown to increase murder, violence, school shootings and debilitating conditions such as brain dysfunction and heart problems in young people. It also increases self-harm and suicide attempts in children. On top of all this British studies show that Paxil didn’t improve children’s mood anymore than a sugar pill. The FDA said in 2003 that Paxil should not to be prescribed to minors.
Serzon. Expensive and has a earned a “black box” warning due to its tendency to cause liver failure and death in adults and children.
Safer, cheaper drugs are available but TCMAP maintains that the drugs they make the most money on are the best choice for children’s mental health issues.
Bribery In Action

TMAP is fully owned and operated by drug companies, mainly Janssen pharmaceuticals, and parades itself as a medically oriented and helpful government program. The organization accomplished this by bribing doctors, university officials and government officials into lying about the superiority of their drugs; then the officials they’ve duped allow them to make laws that use the lies as medical guidelines. Although all Janssen’s activities cannot be known here’s what is known so far:

Janssen pays $2,000 speaking fees to gov. officials and doctors who are in the position to approve TMAP and make laws favoring their algorithms. The “speakers” tell people that Janssen drugs are superior and miraculous and then approve their drugs and guidelines from within government agencies and universities. Multiple speeches result in multiple payments in the sum of $2,000 or more. Here’s an example of a speakers relationship with Janssen:
Boston Globe | November 10 2003
Dr. Douglas Hughs was charged with endangering his patients by the Massachusetts government and had his license taken because, without medical reason, he forced several patients to switch to the new drug Risperdal and nearly killed a patient. Risperdal is an expensive, dangerous new schizophrenia drug made by Janssen. The doctor switched the drugs to experiment on the patients for the drug company, which paid him a grand total of $30,000 in “public speaking fees” to talk about their new drugs. Dr. Hughs has since resigned his position at The Soloman Carter Fuller Mental Health Center.

Janssen paid for luxury trips, expensive meals and entertainment for officials who were in the position to approve TMAP and the drugs they endorse.
To keep state health officials from investigating TMAPS dangerous, expensive drug regimen, Janssen’s government official “speakers” have issued TMAP medication guidelines as administrative orders in many of the states it now operates in. The reason is that administration is the paperwork end of government and cannot be investigated for safety by state medical regulators.
TMAPS drug company founders contributed a total of $384,735 in 2002 in Texas alone. It must be mentioned that these are only the known contributions and that there are probably many more undisclosed contributions.
Fighting Back
Already Colorado and Nevada are suing approximately 17 of the drug companies associated with TMAP for fraud and racketeering. Officials of Pennsylvania’s Office of the Inspector General are suing several other government officials in that state because they lied about drug safety and took bribes from TMAP and their funders: Dwight McKee & Allen Jones v. Henry Hart, Sydni Guido and several other officials.

References & Resources:
-FDA Links Suicide in Children to Antidepressants
-Medicine Merchants-Tracking Dr.’s NY Times November 16, 2000
- US Government Veterans Study
-Dr. David Healy “Testing Psychotrophic Drugs in Children” April 30, 2002
-FDA Warning Letters to Drug Companies
-Money in State Polotics/ Lookup State: Texas, Contributor: Drug Companies
- FDA Mental Health Drug Warnings – Report on Suicides & Antipsychotics
-Studies Show TCMAP Drugs Do Not Work on Children

About the Author

Melissa Gordon is a health writer and researcher at http://www.suppressedhealth.com

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How Spammers Fool Spam Blacklists – And How to Stop Them

Effectively stopping spam over the long-term requires much more than blocking individual IP addresses and creating rules based on keywords that spammers typically use. The increasing sophistication of spam tools coupled with the increasing number of spammers in the wild has created a hyper-evolution in the variety and volume of spam. The old ways of blocking the bad guys just don’t work anymore.

Examining spam and spam-blocking technology can illuminate how this evolution is taking place and what can be done to combat spam and reclaim e-mail as the efficient, effective communication tool it was intended to be.

One method used to combat spam is blacklisting. The goal of blacklisting is to force Internet Service Providers (ISPs) to crack-down on customers who send spam. A blacklisted ISP is blocked from sending email to organizations. When an ISP is blacklisted, they are provided with a list of actions they must take in order to be removed from the blacklist. This controversial method blocks not just the spammers, but all of the ISP’s customers. Blacklisting is generally considered an unfriendly approach to stopping spam because the users most affected by the blacklist are email users who do not send spam. Many argue blacklisting actually damages the utility of email more than it helps stop spam since the potential for blocking legitimate email is so high.

In addition to the ethical considerations, there are other problems with blacklists. Many blacklists are not updated frequently enough to maintain effectiveness. Some blacklist administrators are irresponsible in that they immediately block suspect servers without thoroughly investigating complaints or giving the ISP time to respond. Another downside is that blacklists are not accurate enough to catch all spam. Only about half of servers used by spammers, regardless of how diligent the blacklist administrator may be, are ever cataloged in a given blacklist.

Blacklists are used because they can be partially effective against spammers who repeatedly use the same ISP or email account to send spam. However, because spammers often change ISPs, re-route email and hijack legitimate servers, the spammer is a moving target. Blacklist administrators are forced to constantly revise lists, and the lag-time between when a spammer begins using a given server and when the blacklist administrator is able to identify the new spam source and add it to the blacklist allows spammers to send hundreds of millions of emails. Spammers consider this constant state of flux a part of doing business and are constantly looking for new servers to send spam messages.

When used individually, each anti-spam technique has been systematically overcome by spammers. Blacklists have some utility in stopping known spammers, but they may also block valid emails. Because of their limitations, blacklist data should only be used in conjunction with other sources to determine if a given message is spam. Grandiose plans to rid the world of spam, such as charging a penny for each e-mail received or forcing servers to solve mathematical problems before delivering e-mail, have been proposed with few results. These schemes are not realistic and would require a large percentage of the population to adopt the same anti-spam method in order to be effective.

The Solution

Reputation systems offer a comprehensive anti spam solution by dynamically updating black and whitelists based on sender behavior. These systems also automatically update and score messages thereby removing the burden from administrators. Today’s spammers are more clever than ever, so today’s reputation systems must be equally sophisticated. An effective reputation system must be dynamic, comprehensive, precise, and based on actual enterprise mail traffic in order to keep the spammers from gaining any advantage. You can learn more about the fight against spam by visiting our website at www.ciphertrust.com and downloading our whitepapers.

Dr. Paul Judge is a noted scholar and entrepreneur. He is Chief Technology Officer at CipherTrust, the industry’s largest provider of enterprise email security. The company’s flagship product, IronMail provides a best of breed enterprise anti spam solution designed to stop spam, phishing attacks and other email-based threats. Learn more by visiting http://www.ciphertrust.com/products/spam_and_fraud_protection today.

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