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Mommy & Baby: Keeping Tabs On Baby’s Growth

Lactation difficulties are not completely prevented by using PDF; you are rested and eating properly, your baby is getting enough food and growing, and your life is relatively predictable. So you might think that you’re immune from production issues, right? There are many more factors which play in to milk production that just the ones I listed.

Factors that can affect milk supply include:

 Amount of sleep a mother receives
 Mom’s diet & nutrition
 Her state of mind
 Mother’s age
 Whether this is her first child or sixth
 Mom’s desire to breastfeed
 Her capacity to nurse
 A mother’s nursing techniques
 Her baby’s ability to properly latch on

If you’re nursing, keeping tabs on your baby’s growth is incredibly importantyour baby’s life depends on it. How will you know if he’s getting enough milk or nutrition? Unfortunately, the breast tissue isn’t transparent and we cannot see exactly how much milk your baby is drinking or your body is producing. Fortunately, there are other ways to achieve our goal.

In the first week of life, your baby will receive colostrum before your milk comes in. Not only is this rich in antibodies and helps your baby’s immune system develop, but it helps him pass his first stoolmeconium. This is a black, tarry substance and will be in the first diaper or two after birth. He will transition to a brown substance and then as your milk comes in, to a mustard yellow stool that is watery or loose. A bottle-fed baby will pass stools that are firmer and more clay-coloured than a breastfed baby.

Within 24-48 hours, your baby should start having wet diapers, increasing to two or three per day.

As your baby works at sucking colostrum and then milk, you should hear a pattern of “suck, suck, suck, swallow.” This will be rhythmic and there will be no “clicking” noisesclicking indicates that your baby is improperly latched and potentially isn’t getting a good amount of milk from you. If you hear this, unlatch him from your breast and re-attach him. If it continues, talk to your pediatrician.

In the second and subsequent weeks of life, you should also notice 6-8 wet diapers a day in addition to at least 3 stools per day. His urine should be clear (not yellow), and he should be gaining alertness as each day passes. He should also be growing and gaining weightweight gain is the surest sign of healthy growth. Any two days in a row of deviation from the growth indicators listed should be reported to your pediatrician immediately.

Kirsten Hawkins is a baby and parenting expert specializing new mothers and single parent issues. Visit www.babyhelp411.com/ for more information on how to raising healthy, happy children.

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GPS Basics. Part 1

This article is the first of series of three articles in which I’ll explain some basic principles and concepts of GPS. I in this article I’ll explain how exactly GPS works so it won’t be a mystery anymore. I’ll also mention some recent enhancements to the GPS system. In the second article I’ll explain about some of the GPS core technologies, so when you hear the magic words “Sirf III” you’ll know what people are talking about. And finally, in the third paragraph I’ll make a short review of the leading GPS manufacturers on the market today.

First of all GPS stands for Global Positioning System and usually refers to the GPS receiver. The receiver basically receives the signals incoming from constellation of 27 satellites which are orbiting the Earth (actually there are only 24 satellites that are operational and 3 additional for backup in case one of the 24 fails) and from those signals can calculate it’s absolute position on Earth. This satellite system was developed by the U.S. military and after a while U.S. government opened it up for public. Those satellites are circling the Earth making two complete rotations every day. Their orbits are planned the way that at any time and anywhere on Earth there are at least four satellites “visible” in the sky. A GPS receiver locates four or more satellites from the signals those satellites send constantly towards the Earth, calculates the distance to each of the satellites and from this information calculates its’ absolute location on Earth. This process of pinpointing the location of the GPS receiver is based on mathematical principle called trilateration.

Let me explain a little about this principle regarding the GPS. It is a little tricky so if you don’t want to bother yourself with details – just skip this chapter. Like I said, GPS receiver locates the satellites and calculates the distance to them. Lets say for example receiver knows that Satellite_1 is located 20 miles from it. In the whole space Satellite_1 can be anywhere on a huge Sphere with radius of 20 miles around the receiver. If receiver also knows that Satellite_2 is located 30 miles from it, it can overlap the sphere of satellite_1 with the sphere of satellite_2. The spheres intersect in a perfect circle (think in 3 dimensions). The distance to the third satellites gives us a third sphere which intersects with the circle in two points. One of those points is located in space and the other located on Earth. This second point is actually the location of the GPS receiver. Using the Earth as fourth sphere, receiver is able to choose that second point and this way it knows its’ exact location on earth.

Basically GPS receiver needs to locate only three satellites but it always tries to locate as many satellites as possible because it improves the accuracy of the result.

The signals that satellites are constantly transmitting are high-frequency, low power radio waves which contain information about the satellite and its’ location. GPS receiver can calculate the distance to the satellite by counting the time it takes to the signal to get from the satellite to the receiver.

The whole process described above works well but it has inaccuracies due to several reasons like signal interference,weather and more. Differential GPS (DGPS) helps correct those inaccuracies. This enhancement is base on stations located on Earth. The hardware at those stations knows exactly the location of the station and constantly sends information to GPS receivers (but only to those in which this technology is implemented) how to correct their results so the will be more accurate.

Once the GPS receiver made the calculation, it can tell the latitude, the longitude and the altitude of its’ current position. This doesn’t tell much to the average user. So in order to make the use of the GPS receiver more user-friendly many receivers send this data to a program which displays a map and can show the position on it.

Well that’s it for this article and check for updates, because like I said at the top of this article there are two more articles on the way!

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Cycling In the Cold Weather

Well the cold weather is upon us again (for those of us in North) and it is time to get layered. For those of us who want to persist that is the best way to stay warm on the bike. Where I cycle in Calgary, Canada it gets quite cold in mornings and then can warm up considerably during the day during this time of year. You can have up to 40F differential; this can present a challenge for staying warm and comfortable.

The key is to find clothing that is breathable yet breaks the cold wind in the morning. For my legs I have tried cheap lined nylon pants with my riding shorts underneath. This didn’t work out to well with my legs being soaked in sweat by the end of my ride. That is not a good thing when it is below freezing, you need to find something that will wick the moisture away. It is worth the money to get something better. I went to the Web to find what I was looking for and I found great deal on some fleece cycle tights. Well that solved the leg issue they were great they cut wind and kept the moisture away. The lower half was doing great now! Two points to remember, one, you should have enough room for your cycling pants underneath the fleece tights. This brings me to the second point it is better to have these over your cycling pants because during the evening when it is warmer you will want to remove these to ensure you don’t get overheated heading home. In temperatures below 20F (-7C) you may want to add some nylon shell pants to cut the wind more.

The upper body poses a problem since it catches most of the wind but is not moving much. What you need here is a full-featured wind and water resistant shell with ventilated pit zips and a breathable fabric so you can get the most protection and ventilation. A shell with pit zips is great because it easily give you more ventilation if you start to over heat. This type of jacket is also great for locations that get more rain this time of year opening up the pit zips allows that extra ventilation you needs without getting to wet! With a good shell I found I only needed two more layers what these two layers are depends on how cold your ride is. I find that down to about 25F (-4C) that a good turtle neck and the shell are enough as long as wind isn’t blowing too hard, if it is blowing you can add a t-shirt under this if you want. When it starts getting colder than this remove the t-shirt, keep the turtleneck and wear a fleece jacket under this, make sure your protective shell has room for this layering process.

The extremities are a real challenge, starting with the hands. At temperatures down to 25F (-4C) a pair of lined leather gloves is sufficient. At temperature below 25F (-4C) mitts are the best, there is nothing like the having your fingers together to keep them warm. The challenge is the thumb, I occasionally have to pull my thumb out and join it with the rest of the fingers for while to warm it up. Those mitt/glove combinations where the mitt flips over the open finger end might do the trick also but I do not use these. Be careful not to get a mitt with to much bulk you still need dexterity for shifting and braking. Another good choice would be those three finger mitts they would still keep some fingers together for warmth and offer you some good dexterity.

Next is the head, this is the toughest. The main reason for the difficulty is that you still need to wear you helmet and keep those ears from freezing. Anybody who commutes without a helmet should have his head examined (and may have to some day) particularly when things start freezing, ice can form anywhere, so be safe. What you need for this is a quickly adjustable helmet, one that has a ratchet type adjustment at back to allow for the layer you will need under it when it is cold and can be made smaller for your ride home when it may warmer. You can find a great selection of cycling helmets on the Web. The best system is to have two types of balaclavas. One should be a thinner polypropylene type with an open face style that will still cover you chin. This one is good for temperature down to 25F (-4C). When the temperature starts sinking below 25F (-4C) a fleece balaclava with coverage for your nose should be used. What is difficult for those of us who where glasses is fogging up when wearing the balaclava. I try keeping my glasses further down my nose to allow for more air circulation, this doesn’t completely eliminate it but it helps.

Kevin Redmond is a senior design supervisor with a major engineering company in Canada. He commutes to work as much as the weather will allow. He also runs a great consumers website at http://www.avoidconfusion.com check it out and find great deals on bicycles, accesories and everything else from A to Z.

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14 Tips for Crate Training Your New Puppy

Your new puppy is arriving and you have heard of crate-training, but are not sure how to make it work for you and your newest addition. From years of experience as a pet-owner, lover and specialist, I have learned some things about crate training that I’d like to share with you.

Crate training is wonderful part of an overall family training program if handled correctly. Your puppy will feel secure in his space if you make it a pleasurable experience from the very beginning by following these 14 tips.

1.Get a crate large enough to allow your pup space to turn around, stand up and lie down for a nap.
2.Put a soft blanket in the crate, preferably with his mother’s scent on it when you bring him home.
3.Make sure to put his toys for chewing and a treat or two in the space furthest from the ‘door.’
4.Put the crate in a corner of room where he can feel out of the way, yet have access to you.
5.Let your pup wander in and out of the crate to get a feel for it, the crate makes a nice ‘den’ for your puppy and he will likely take to it for comfort and solace when he is tired, over-excited or worried.
6.Remove your pet’s collar/s before closing the crate to avoid any choking;
7.Have a bottle of water with ice hooked to the crate if you will leave your puppy for more than an hour;
8.When it’s time to be crated, tell your puppy “Crate” or “Bed” and show him to the crate. You may put a treat in there if you have been training him with treats.
9.Don’t ever: scare him into the crate, put him in there as a punishment or otherwise encourage a negative connotation to the crate.
10.Practice this several times a day during his first few weeks home. Leaving him in the crate for short intervals while you leave the house. He will soon realize that you come back and let him out.
11.If your dog needs something to chew, make sure you give him a toy that he cannot shred, break or otherwise harm himself with. If he is an aggressive chewer, I recommend the Galileo Bone by Nylabone.
12.When you let your puppy out of the crate, immediately take him outside to relieve himself. For very young puppies, this will likely be every 4 hours. (on average a puppy needs a break in as many hours as he is months old – if your puppy is 4 months, please give him a potty break every four hours)
13.When you are leaving, or putting him in the crate, give him his command, “Crate,” praise him gently when he complies (but do not get effusive – you don’t want him to get all riled up!) and then leave without a commotion.
14.Upon returning, open the crate and let your puppy come out at his own pace. Don’t make a big fuss, simply praise him gently, put on his collar and leash and take him outside.

Crate training is a valuable asset to any training program for new puppies and can help enhance your relationship with your canine pal. A happy and comfortable puppy will mature into a well-mannered and loving companion.

About the Author

Pet-Care Expert, Peggie Arvidson-Dailey, is the author of “How to Maintain Your Love Affair With Your Pet” and the founder of Peggie’s Pet Services. To learn more about maintaining YOUR love affair with your pet sign up for FREE how-to articles and FREE teleclasses, visit http://www.peggiespets.com

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A Beginners Guide To Selecting The Most Suitable Electric Blankets

Electric blankets come in a mixture of basic colours, and on the whole most are created out of fleece or any other type of soft materials. Even when the heating operation is turned low, these electric blankets will still keep you comfy. You can either choose an electric blanket for its specific options or select an item that matches the décor in your bungalow.

Getting an electric blanket is a terrific substitute to just keeping the heating unit in your house turned up. You will save money on your energy bills. Moreover, operating the boiler a lot during November, December and January can dry out the air in your flat. This can be very dangerous for your skin. With an electric blanket on the other hand you can turn down the furnace at night. You will not have to sacrifice warmth either, because these blankets will help keep you nicely warm.

Electric blankets can be bought in a number of sizes. If both you or your partner are somewhat cold during the night why not consider buying a double, queen, or king sized blanket. Nonetheless, in a significant number of cases, one person may prefer to have the bedroom colder than the other. Instead of squabbling over your bungalows night-time temperature, get your hands on a small, twin sized electric blanket. The person who prefers to be warmer at night can get under it at night. This way, both of you can be comfortable.

In the past, electric blankets had to have lots of care. For instance, you could not put them in the wash like a regular blanket and you also had to make sure they didn’t overheat. Fortunately, these blankets have come a long way. Countless blankets can be put in a washing machine. They also contain special internal sensors that prevent overheating. If your blanket becomes too hot, this monitor will cause it to turn off so that there is no risk of a fire beginning.

Even though electric blankets made today are very safe; you should still take the necessary safety measures. If you want to fall asleep without having to worry about turning off the blanket, then look for a model that has an automatic shut off or timer function. That way, you can set it and simply relax, knowing that it will shut off once you go to bed. If children will be using your blanket, it is vital that you supervise them. Mainly for the reason that children have somewhat more sensitive skin meaning that a warm temperature for an adult can quite easily burn a kid’s skin. If you follow some simply steps to ensure that you are safe; an electric blanket can be a good way to stay warm during November. Search online for an array of electrical products such as; electric blankets, microwaves and food processors from leading brands.

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